Widespread steroid use in MLB's Steroid Era forever changed how players' accomplishments are viewed.
Russia's state-sponsored doping program manipulated samples across major competitions like the Sochi Olympics.
Source: Newhouse Media/MB Media / Getty
Nick Kyrgios has spent most of his career making headlines, but his latest controversy has nothing to do with an argument with an umpire or one of his infamous on-court meltdowns. The former Wimbledon finalist has been provisionally suspended from professional tennis after testing positive for cocaine at an ATP 250 event in Mallorca, Spain, on June 22. The International Tennis Integrity Agency said a WADA-accredited laboratory later detected benzoylecgonine, a metabolite of cocaine, in his sample, and his suspension officially began August 4.
Kyrgios addressed the situation himself, admitting he made a “huge mistake” and apologizing to his family, fans, sponsors and the young people who follow him. The 31-year-old also explained that years of injuries and the realization that his career could be nearing its end have taken a serious physical and mental toll. Kyrgios has not appealed the provisional suspension, while the ultimate length of his punishment could depend on whether officials determine the cocaine was used outside of competition and recreationally rather than for performance enhancement.
The timing has made the story even bigger because Kyrgios has been one of tennis’ loudest critics when other stars have faced doping cases. His previous comments about Jannik Sinner, Iga Swiatek and other players have resurfaced as fans debate whether Kyrgios should be judged by the same unforgiving standard he has applied to others.
Of course, drugs and professional sports have crossed paths long before Kyrgios. Some scandals involved recreational drugs and addiction, while others featured elaborate performance-enhancing drug programs designed specifically to beat the system. From championships being erased to Olympic medals being returned and entire organizations being exposed, here are some of the biggest drug scandals in sports history.
Lance Armstrong & The U.S. Postal Service Doping Program
Few falls from grace in sports compare to Lance Armstrong. The cyclist won seven consecutive Tour de France titles from 1999 through 2005 while becoming one of the most recognizable athletes in the world, only for the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency to later uncover what it described as a massive and sophisticated doping program involving EPO, testosterone, blood transfusions and other prohibited methods. Armstrong was stripped of all seven Tour victories and banned for life before finally admitting in a 2013 interview with Oprah Winfrey that he had doped during each of those wins.
Baseball’s Steroid Era & BALCO
There probably isn’t another American sports drug scandal that impacted the record books quite like Major League Baseball’s Steroid Era. Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa and numerous other stars became associated with PED allegations as home-run totals exploded and questions grew about how widespread steroid use had become. The BALCO investigation later exposed the distribution of previously difficult-to-detect performance enhancers — including the designer steroid THG, commonly called “the clear” — to elite athletes, while the broader steroid controversy permanently changed how an entire generation of baseball players and their accomplishments are viewed.
Ben Johnson At The 1988 Olympics
For a brief moment, Ben Johnson was the fastest man alive. The Canadian sprinter ran a then-world-record 9.79 seconds to defeat Carl Lewis in the 100-meter final at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but days later he tested positive for the anabolic steroid stanozol. Johnson was stripped of both his Olympic gold medal and world record, turning what should have been one of track and field’s defining performances into one of the most famous doping scandals ever.
Russia’s State-Sponsored Doping Program
This wasn’t one superstar attempting to beat a drug test — it was an entire system. A World Anti-Doping Agency investigation found evidence of an institutionalized Russian doping and cover-up operation involving athletes, sports officials, the Moscow laboratory and even Russia’s Federal Security Service. Investigators determined that the system manipulated doping controls across several major competitions, including the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, where urine samples were secretly swapped in an effort to protect Russian athletes from positive tests.
Marion Jones & BALCO
Marion Jones was one of the faces of the 2000 Sydney Olympics after winning five medals, including three golds. For years, Jones denied using performance-enhancing drugs, but in 2007 she admitted in federal court that she used THG — the BALCO-produced steroid known as “the clear” — and had lied to investigators about it. She surrendered her Olympic medals, retired from track and later served prison time for lying to federal investigators in the BALCO case and an unrelated check-fraud investigation.
The Pittsburgh Cocaine Trials
Long before baseball’s steroid scandal, MLB was dealing with another drug crisis. The 1985 Pittsburgh drug trials exposed extensive cocaine use throughout the league as players including Keith Hernandez, Tim Raines, Dave Parker, Lonnie Smith and others testified before a federal grand jury about drug use and dealers around baseball. Hernandez estimated at the time that cocaine use had become widespread throughout MLB, while Raines revealed that he had carried cocaine in his uniform pocket during games. Eleven players were eventually suspended, although their punishments were later commuted to fines, drug testing, community service, and other conditions.
Michael Ray Richardson & The NBA’s Cocaine Crisis
The NBA had a serious cocaine problem during the 1980s, and Michael Ray Richardson became the most high-profile example of it. The four-time All-Star was banned from the NBA in February 1986 after testing positive for cocaine, becoming the first active player permanently barred under the league’s anti-drug agreement. Houston Rockers players Lewis Lloyd and Mitchell Wiggins were also banned after positive cocaine tests the following year, while several other players battled drug issues during a period when the league was desperately trying to clean up its image. Richardson was eventually reinstated in 1988, but his case remains one of the defining drug scandals of David Stern’s early years as commissioner.
Alex Rodriguez & The Biogenesis Scandal
Baseball’s PED problem didn’t disappear once the Steroid Era became public. In 2013, Alex Rodriguez became the biggest name connected to Biogenesis, a South Florida anti-aging clinic accused of supplying performance-enhancing drugs to MLB players. Rodriguez initially fought the allegations and his punishment before ultimately serving a season-long suspension in 2014, while more than a dozen players were disciplined as part of the investigation. The case became another reminder that even after congressional hearings, tougher testing and years of public backlash, baseball’s battle with PEDs was far from over.
Diego Maradona’s Cocaine & World Cup Drug Bans
Diego Maradona’s drug issues became intertwined with the final years of one of soccer’s most legendary careers. In 1991, the Argentine icon tested positive for cocaine while playing for Napoli and received a 15-month worldwide suspension. Then, during the 1994 World Cup, Maradona tested positive for banned stimulants containing ephedrine after Argentina’s win over Nigeria and was removed from the tournament before receiving another 15-month ban. The image of Maradona being escorted from the field following what became his final World Cup appearance remains one of the most unforgettable moments in soccer history.
Andre Agassi’s Secret Crystal Meth Positive
One of tennis’ most stunning drug revelations didn’t become public until years after it happened. In his 2009 autobiography Open, Andre Agassi admitted using crystal meth in 1997 and subsequently failing an ATP drug test, which could have resulted in a suspension. Agassi wrote that he told tennis officials he had accidentally consumed a drink spiked with the drug, an explanation the ATP accepted, allowing him to avoid punishment. The revelation sparked major controversy because one of the sport’s biggest stars had not only tested positive but had successfully kept the incident secret throughout the remainder of his career.
